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Introducción
Las oraciones condicionales expresan que algo ocurre, ocurrirá u ocurriría si se cumple una condición. En inglés se estudian cuatro tipos básicos: zero, first, second y third conditional. Cada uno tiene su estructura y su grado de realidad, y en 4.º de ESO hay que dominarlos todos.
Explicación
Una oración condicional tiene dos partes: la if-clause (la condición) y la main clause (el resultado). Si la condición va primero, se separa con coma; si va al final, no: If it rains, I'll stay home. / I'll stay home if it rains.
Zero conditional: If + Present Simple, Present Simple. Hechos generales y verdades científicas: siempre que se cumple la condición, se cumple el resultado. If you heat ice, it melts. Aquí if equivale casi a when.
First conditional: If + Present Simple, will + verbo base. Situaciones futuras posibles y reales. If you study, you will pass. En la condición nunca usamos will: If it rains tomorrow, no If it will rain.
Second conditional: If + Past Simple, would + verbo base. Situaciones imaginarias o poco probables en el presente o el futuro. If I had more time, I would learn Japanese. El pasado no indica tiempo pasado, sino irrealidad. Con to be se prefiere were para todas las personas: If I were you, I would accept.
Third conditional: If + Past Perfect, would have + participio. Situaciones imaginarias en el pasado: algo que no ocurrió y su consecuencia, que tampoco ocurrió. Sirve para lamentarse o criticar. If she had studied harder, she would have passed the exam. (No estudió y suspendió.)
Resumen de tiempos verbales:
Zero: presente + presente → siempre verdad.
First: presente + will → futuro posible.
Second: pasado + would → presente o futuro imaginario.
Third: had + participio + would have + participio → pasado imaginario.
En lugar de would también pueden aparecer could o might para indicar posibilidad: If we had left earlier, we might have caught the train. Y unless significa «a menos que» (if not): You won't pass unless you study. Para elegir el tipo, pregúntate siempre si hablas de algo real o imaginario, y de qué momento: presente, futuro o pasado.
Ejemplo
Ejemplo 1. Une las ideas con un third conditional: I didn't know about the party. I didn't go.
Paso 1: es una situación pasada que no ocurrió → third conditional. Paso 2: la condición en Past Perfect (had known) y el resultado con would have + participio (would have gone). Paso 3: como en la realidad las dos frases son negativas, en la condicional pasan a afirmativas. Solución: If I had known about the party, I would have gone.
Ejemplo 2. Completa: If I ___ (win) the lottery, I ___ (buy) a house by the sea.
Ganar la lotería es improbable → second conditional. Solución: If I won the lottery, I would buy a house by the sea.
Ejercicios
If I ___ you, I would accept the job offer.
If we had left home earlier, we ___ the train.
Material adicional
Passive Voice: todos los tiempos + Causative HAVE
En 3.º de ESO aprendimos la voz pasiva básica. Ahora la ampliamos a todos los tiempos verbales y añadimos la estructura causativa con HAVE.
Voz pasiva en todos los tiempos
Tiempo
Activa
Pasiva
Estructura pasiva
Present Simple
They make cars in Germany.
Cars are made in Germany.
am/is/are + PP
Present Continuous
They are repairing the road.
The road is being repaired.
am/is/are being + PP
Past Simple
Someone stole my phone.
My phone was stolen.
was/were + PP
Past Continuous
They were building a bridge.
A bridge was being built.
was/were being + PP
Present Perfect
They have cancelled the flight.
The flight has been cancelled.
has/have been + PP
Past Perfect
They had finished the work.
The work had been finished.
had been + PP
Future (will)
They will open the museum.
The museum will be opened.
will be + PP
Future (going to)
They are going to build a school.
A school is going to be built.
am/is/are going to be + PP
Modal (can/must/should)
You must do this exercise.
This exercise must be done.
modal + be + PP
Pasiva con dos objetos
Algunos verbos tienen dos objetos (directo e indirecto). Podemos hacer la pasiva con cualquiera de los dos:
📘 Ejemplo
Activa: The teacher gave the students a book. Pasiva 1 (OI como sujeto): The students were given a book (by the teacher). ← Más común Pasiva 2 (OD como sujeto): A book was given to the students (by the teacher).
Verbos con dos objetos: give, send, tell, show, offer, teach, ask, pay, lend, promise.
Causative HAVE: have something done
Usamos have + object + past participle cuando otra persona hace algo por nosotros, normalmente un profesional:
Lo haces tú
Lo hace otro (causative)
Traducción
I cut my hair.
I had my hair cut.
Me corté el pelo. (Me lo cortaron / Fui a cortármelo.)
She repaired her car.
She had her car repaired.
Ella se hizo reparar el coche.
We painted the house.
We had the house painted.
Nos pintaron la casa. (Contratamos a alguien.)
En diferentes tiempos:
Tiempo
Causative
Ejemplo
Present Simple
have/has + obj + PP
I have my car serviced every year.
Past Simple
had + obj + PP
She had her hair done yesterday.
Present Perfect
have/has had + obj + PP
We have had the kitchen renovated.
Future (will)
will have + obj + PP
I'll have my eyes tested next week.
Going to
am/is/are going to have + obj + PP
She's going to have her nails done.
📌 Recuerda
La estructura causativa se usa cuando pagamos o pedimos a alguien que haga algo por nosotros: • I had my car washed. = Llevé el coche a lavar. (No lo lavé yo.) • I washed my car. = Yo lavé el coche. (Lo hice yo.)
📖 Reading comprehension
Read about city changes:
Our city is changing a lot! A new shopping centre has been built in the centre of town. It was designed by a famous architect and it was opened last month. The old library, which had been used for over a hundred years, has been converted into a museum. New cycle lanes are being created all around the city. Several old buildings are being renovated at the moment.
The mayor said that a new park will be opened next year and that more trees are going to be planted along the main streets. Public transport is going to be improved too — new electric buses will be introduced in September.
My family has been affected by the changes too. Last month, we had our house painted because it looked old. My mum has had new windows installed to save energy. We're going to have solar panels put on the roof next month!
Questions: 1. What has been built in the centre? ___ 2. What happened to the old library? ___ 3. What is being done around the city? ___ 4. When will a new park be opened? ___ 5. What did the family have done to their house? ___ 6. What are they going to have put on the roof? ___
✏️ Ejercicios
1. Transforma a pasiva: a) They are building a new bridge. → ___ b) Someone had broken the window. → ___ c) They will announce the results tomorrow. → ___ d) People must recycle more. → ___ e) They have sent the invitations. → ___ f) They were cleaning the classroom. → ___
2. Reescribe usando la causativa (have something done): a) A mechanic repaired my car. → I had ___ b) A hairdresser cut her hair. → She had ___ c) A plumber is going to fix our pipes. → We are going to have ___ d) A dentist checked my teeth. → I had ___ e) A professional will clean the carpets. → We will have ___
3. Traduce al inglés: a) Se habla español en 20 países. → ___ b) El puente fue construido en 1900. → ___ c) Se están haciendo reparaciones. → ___ d) Me corté el pelo ayer. (otro lo hizo) → ___ e) Le han robado el coche. → ___ f) Se abrirá un nuevo hospital el año que viene. → ___
4. Escribe 5 servicios que hayas usado usando la causativa (have something done).
📋 Resumen de la lección
La voz pasiva se puede formar en todos los tiempos verbales.
Estructura: to be (en el tiempo) + participio pasado.
La causativa: have + objeto + participio pasado = alguien hace algo por ti.
Verbos con dos objetos: ambos pueden ser sujeto de la pasiva.
Publicidad
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