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Introducción
En esta lección aprendemos a mezclar condicionales para relacionar el pasado con el presente (mixed conditionals) y a expresar deseos y lamentos con I wish y If only («ojalá»). Ambas estructuras hablan de situaciones irreales: cosas que no son o no fueron así.
Explicación
1. Mixed conditionals. Combinan una parte del segundo condicional y otra del tercero.
Condición pasada → resultado presente: If + past perfect, would + infinitivo. If I had taken the map, we wouldn't be lost now. (No cogí el mapa y por eso ahora estamos perdidos.)
Situación presente o permanente → resultado pasado: If + past simple, would have + participio. If I spoke French, I would have understood the film. (No hablo francés y por eso no entendí la película.)
Para elegir, pregúntate a qué momento se refiere cada parte de la frase. Pistas como now, today en el resultado indican would + infinitivo; yesterday, last year indican would have + participio.
2. I wish / If only. Se usan para desear que la realidad fuera distinta. If only es más enfático. Nunca se dice «If I wish».
Deseo sobre el presente: wish + past simple (con be, mejor were). I wish I had more free time. (No lo tengo.) If only I were taller!
Lamento sobre el pasado: wish + past perfect. I wish I had studied more. (No estudié y me arrepiento.)
Queja o deseo de cambio en el comportamiento de otro: wish + would + infinitivo. I wish you would stop shouting. No se usa con el mismo sujeto: no se dice I wish I would….
Capacidad: wish + could. I wish I could swim.
Ojo: el tiempo que sigue a wish está «un paso atrás» respecto a la realidad: presente → past simple; pasado → past perfect.
Relación entre las dos estructuras. Una frase con wish suele poder reformularse como un condicional, porque ambas imaginan una realidad diferente: I wish I had studied more equivale a la idea de If I had studied more, I would have passed. Practicar esa transformación ayuda a elegir bien los tiempos verbales. En la lengua formal, con I, he y she se prefiere were en lugar de was: I wish he were here.
Ejemplo
Situación:I didn't have breakfast this morning, so I'm hungry now.
La condición (no desayunar) es pasada y el resultado (tener hambre) es presente.
Estructura: If + past perfect, would + infinitivo.
Solución: If I had had breakfast, I wouldn't be hungry now.
Con wish: I wish I had had breakfast.
Ejercicios
If I ___ to bed so late last night, I wouldn't be so tired now.
I didn't go to the concert, and everyone says it was amazing. I wish I ___.
Material adicional
Reported Speech: completo (afirmaciones, preguntas y órdenes)
En 3.º de ESO aprendimos el Reported Speech con afirmaciones. Ahora lo completamos con preguntas (reported questions) y órdenes/peticiones (reported commands/requests).
Repaso: Reported Statements (afirmaciones)
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
Cambio
"I like pizza."
He said he liked pizza.
Present → Past
"I am studying."
She said she was studying.
Pres. Cont. → Past Cont.
"I went to Paris."
He said he had gone to Paris.
Past → Past Perfect
"I have seen it."
She said she had seen it.
Pres. Perf. → Past Perfect
"I will come."
He said he would come.
Will → Would
"I can swim."
She said she could swim.
Can → Could
Reported Questions (preguntas indirectas)
Las preguntas indirectas tienen una estructura especial:
⚠️ Importante
¡No se usa auxiliar (do/does/did) en reported questions! El orden cambia a: sujeto + verbo (orden de afirmativa, no de pregunta). No se pone signo de interrogación al final.
Preguntas con WH- (who, what, where, when, why, how)
Se mantiene la palabra WH- y se cambia el orden a afirmativo:
Direct Question
Reported Question
"Where do you live?"
He asked me where I lived.
"What are you doing?"
She asked me what I was doing.
"When did they arrive?"
He asked when they had arrived.
"Why is she crying?"
I asked why she was crying.
"How did you get here?"
She asked how I had got there.
Preguntas de sí/no (Yes/No questions)
Se introduce con if o whether:
Direct Question
Reported Question
"Do you like pizza?"
He asked me if/whether I liked pizza.
"Are you coming?"
She asked me if/whether I was coming.
"Have you been to Paris?"
He asked me if/whether I had been to Paris.
"Can you swim?"
She asked if/whether I could swim.
"Will you help me?"
He asked me if/whether I would help him.
Reported Commands & Requests (órdenes y peticiones)
Se usan told + persona + to + infinitivo (órdenes) y asked + persona + to + infinitivo (peticiones):
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
Tipo
"Close the door!"
He told me to close the door.
Orden
"Don't run in the corridor!"
She told us not to run in the corridor.
Orden negativa
"Please help me."
She asked me to help her.
Petición
"Please don't make noise."
He asked us not to make noise.
Petición negativa
📌 Recuerda
Órdenes: told + persona + (not) to + infinitivo. Peticiones: asked + persona + (not) to + infinitivo. Para negativas: not to + infinitivo (no «don't»).
Verbos introductores adicionales
Verbo
Uso
Ejemplo
promised
Promesa
He promised (that) he would help.
explained
Explicación
She explained (that) she was busy.
suggested
Sugerencia
He suggested going to the cinema. / He suggested (that) we go...
warned
Advertencia
She warned me not to go there.
reminded
Recordatorio
He reminded me to bring my book.
offered
Ofrecimiento
She offered to help me.
refused
Negativa
He refused to answer the question.
agreed
Acuerdo
She agreed to come with us.
📖 Reading comprehension
Read and transform to reported speech:
Teacher: "Have you all done your homework?" Carlos: "I haven't finished it yet, Miss." Teacher: "Why not?" Carlos: "I was playing football and I forgot." Teacher: "Please finish it by tomorrow." Ana: "I've done my homework. Can I help Carlos?" Teacher: "That's a great idea, Ana. Don't forget to review chapter 5 too." Carlos: "I will definitely finish it tonight."
Rewrite in Reported Speech: 1. The teacher asked the students ___ 2. Carlos said ___ 3. The teacher asked ___ 4. Carlos explained ___ 5. The teacher asked Carlos ___ 6. Ana said ___. She asked ___ 7. The teacher told them ___ 8. Carlos promised ___
✏️ Ejercicios
1. Transforma las preguntas a Reported Speech: a) "Where do you live?" she asked me. → ___ b) "Do you like English?" he asked me. → ___ c) "What time does the film start?" I asked. → ___ d) "Have you ever been to Japan?" she asked him. → ___ e) "Will you come to the party?" he asked her. → ___
2. Transforma las órdenes/peticiones: a) "Open the window!" the teacher told us. → ___ b) "Don't touch the painting!" the guide told them. → ___ c) "Please help me with my homework," Ana asked her friend. → ___ d) "Don't be late tomorrow!" the boss told him. → ___
3. Completa con said, told, asked, promised, suggested, warned: a) She ___ me not to go near the dog. b) He ___ that he was feeling ill. c) She ___ me where I lived. d) He ___ to help me after school. e) She ___ going to the beach.
4. Traduce al inglés: a) Ella me preguntó dónde vivía. → ___ b) Él me dijo que cerrara la puerta. → ___ c) Ella preguntó si yo había estado en Londres. → ___ d) Él me pidió que le ayudara. → ___ e) Ella prometió que vendría al día siguiente. → ___
5. Escribe una conversación en Direct Speech y luego transfórmala a Reported Speech.
📋 Resumen de la lección
Reported Questions: orden afirmativo (sujeto + verbo), sin auxiliar do/does/did.
WH-questions: mantener la palabra WH-. Yes/No: usar if / whether.
Órdenes: told + persona + (not) to + infinitivo.
Peticiones: asked + persona + (not) to + infinitivo.