Present Perfect Simple

Had es igual para todas las personas: I had, you had, he had, she had, we had, they had.
Se contrae en 'd: I'd finished, she'd gone, they'd eaten.

1. Una acción anterior a otra en el pasado:
When I arrived at the cinema, the film had already started.
(Cuando llegué al cine, la película ya había empezado.)

2. Con BEFORE y AFTER:
Before I went to bed, I had brushed my teeth.
(Antes de irme a la cama, me había lavado los dientes.)
After she had finished her homework, she watched TV.
(Después de que ella había terminado los deberes, vio la tele.)

3. Con BY THE TIME (para cuando):
By the time we arrived, the party had finished.
(Para cuando llegamos, la fiesta había terminado.)

4. Con BECAUSE (causa anterior):
She was sad because she had failed the exam.
(Estaba triste porque había suspendido el examen.)
He was hungry because he hadn't eaten all day.
(Tenía hambre porque no había comido en todo el día.)

Frase: When I got to school, the class had already started.
Orden real: 1.º La clase empezó (Past Perfect). 2.º Yo llegué (Past Simple).

Frase: She was tired because she had run 10 km.
Orden real: 1.º Corrió 10 km (Past Perfect). 2.º Estaba cansada (Past Simple).

Read the story:

Last Saturday, María went to a restaurant with her friends to celebrate her birthday. But when they arrived, they found out that the restaurant had closed! They hadn't booked a table and they hadn't checked if it was open. They were very disappointed.

Fortunately, María's friend Lucía had already thought of a plan B. She had reserved a table at another restaurant nearby. When they got there, the waiter told them that a group of friends had decorated the table with balloons! Lucía had secretly organised everything. María was so happy — it was the best surprise she had ever had!

By the time they left the restaurant, they had eaten a delicious dinner, had laughed a lot and had taken many photos. María said it was the best birthday she had ever had.

Questions:
1. Why couldn't they eat at the first restaurant? ___
2. Had they booked a table? ___
3. What had Lucía done? ___
4. What had the friends done to the table? ___
5. Had María expected the surprise? ___
6. What had they done by the time they left? ___

1. Completa con Past Simple o Past Perfect:
a) When I ___ (arrive), the train ___ (already / leave).
b) She ___ (be) happy because she ___ (pass) the exam.
c) By the time we ___ (get) home, Mum ___ (cook) dinner.
d) After he ___ (finish) his homework, he ___ (go) out.
e) I ___ (not / eat) before I ___ (go) to school.
f) They ___ (never / visit) Spain before they ___ (come) last year.

2. Une las frases usando when, before, after o because:
a) She studied hard. She passed the exam. (because) → ___
b) I arrived at the station. The train left. (when... already) → ___
c) He finished dinner. He watched TV. (after) → ___
d) They didn't eat all day. They were hungry. (because) → ___

3. Traduce al inglés:
a) Cuando llegué, la película ya había empezado. → ___
b) Ella estaba cansada porque había corrido mucho. → ___
c) Antes de ir a la cama, me había lavado los dientes. → ___
d) ¿Habías estado en Londres antes? → ___
e) Para cuando llegamos, la fiesta había terminado. → ___

4. Escribe una historia corta en pasado usando Past Simple y Past Perfect (mínimo 8 frases).