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Passive voice in all tenses

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Introducción

El pasado, presente y futuro del inglés nos dejan un terreno rico en estructuras verbales. Esta lección se centra en la estructura verbal passive voice, que se usa para indicar a la persona o cosa objeto de una acción.

Explicación

El passive voice se usa para indicar a la persona o cosa objeto de una acción. En lugar de decir "la persona hizo algo", lo escribimos como "algo fue hecho por la persona". Este verbo es el que se usa en el passive voice.

Ejemplo

Ejemplo:

El libro fue devuelto por el estudiante.

Ejercicios

English ___ (speak) in many countries.

The window ___ (break) by the storm last night.

Material adicional

Phrasal Verbs (Verbos frasales)

Los phrasal verbs (verbos frasales o verbos compuestos) son combinaciones de un verbo + partícula(s) (preposición o adverbio) que juntos tienen un significado diferente al del verbo original.

Son una de las mayores dificultades del inglés porque hay miles de ellos y muchas veces su significado no se puede deducir de las palabras individuales.

Ejemplo: look up ≠ mirar arriba. Look up = buscar (en un diccionario). «I need to look up this word in the dictionary.»

Tipos de phrasal verbs

Tipo	Descripción	Ejemplo
Intransitivo	No necesita objeto	The plañe took off. (El avión despegó.)
Transitivo separable	El objeto puede ir entre el verbo y la partícula	Turn off the TV. / Turn the TV off.
Transitivo inseparable	El objeto SIEMPRE va después de la partícula	I look after my little sister. (Cuido a mi hermana.)

⚠️ Importante

Con phrasal verbs separables, si el objeto es un pronombre (it, them, him, her...), SIEMPRE va en medio:
• ✅ Turn it off. ❌ Turn off it.
• ✅ Pick them up. ❌ Pick up them.

Los 50 phrasal verbs más importantes

Phrasal Verb	Significado	Ejemplo
break down	averiarse / derrumbarse	The car broke down on the motorway.
break up	romper (relación) / terminar	They broke up last month.
bring up	criar / mencionar	She was brought up by her grandparents.
call off	cancelar	They called off the meeting.
carry on	continuar	Carry on reading, please.
come across	encontrar por casualidad	I came across an old photo.
come up with	idear / inventar	She came up with a great idea.
cut down on	reducir	You should cut down on sugar.
figure out	resolver / entender	I can't figure out this problem.
find out	descubrir / averiguar	I found out the truth.
get along (with)	llevarse bien	I get along well with my classmates.
get over	recuperarse / superar	She got over her illness quickly.
get up	levantarse	I get up at 7 every day.
give up	rendirse / dejar de	Don't give up! / He gave up smoking.
go on	continuar / pasar	Go on, tell me what happened.
grow up	crecer / hacerse mayor	I grew up in Sevilla.
hang out	pasar el rato	We hang out at the park.
keep on	seguir haciendo	Keep on trying!
look after	cuidar	She looks after her little brother.
look for	buscar	I'm looking for my keys.
look forward to	esperar con ganas	I'm looking forward to the holidays.
look up	buscar (información)	Look up the word in the dictionary.
make up	inventar / reconciliarse	She made up a story. / They argued but made up.
pass away	fallecer (eufemismo)	My grandfather passed away last year.
pick up	recoger / aprender rápido	I picked up some French in París.
point out	señalar / indicar	She pointed out the mistake.
put off	posponer	Don't put off your homework!
put on	ponerse (ropa) / encender	Put on your coat. / Put on the light.
run out of	quedarse sin	We ran out of milk.
set up	montar / crear / establecer	They set up a new business.
show up	aparecer / presentarse	He didn't show up for the meeting.
sort out	resolver / organizar	We need to sort out this problem.
take after	parecerse a	She takes after her mother.
take off	despegar / quitarse (ropa)	The plañe took off. / Take off your shoes.
take up	empezar (un hobby/actividad)	I took up tennis last year.
throw away	tirar a la basura	Don't throw away that bottle — recycle it!
turn down	rechazar / bajar (volumen)	She turned down the job offer.
turn off	apagar	Turn off the TV, please.
turn on	encender	Turn on the light, please.
turn up	aparecer / subir (volumen)	He turned up late again.
work out	hacer ejercicio / resolver	I work out three times a week.

📖 Reading comprehension

Read the email:

Hi Marta,

Sorry I didn't show up at the party last Saturday. My car broke down on the way there and I couldn't figure out what was wrong with it. I tried to call you, but I had run out of battery on my phone!

I've been looking into getting a new car. I've come across some good deals online. My dad has offered to help me look for one this weekend.

By the way, have you found out about the English exam date? I need to look it up. I'm not going to put off studying this time — I'm going to set up a study plan and carry on working hard until the exam.

I'm really looking forward to seeing you this weekend. Let's hang out and catch up!

See you soon,
Carlos

Find the phrasal verbs and explain their meaning:
1. show up = ___ 2. broke down = ___
3. figure out = ___ 4. run out of = ___
5. looking into = ___ 6. come across = ___
7. look for = ___ 8. found out = ___
9. look it up = ___ 10. put off = ___
11. set up = ___ 12. carry on = ___
13. looking forward to = ___ 14. hang out = ___

✏️ Ejercicios

1. Completa con el phrasal verb correcto:
a) I need to ___ this word in the dictionary. (look up / look after)
b) She ___ her grandmother. They look very similar. (takes after / takes off)
c) Don't ___! Keep trying! (give up / get up)
d) Please ___ the TV. It's too loud. (turn off / turn on)
e) I ___ in a small village near the coast. (grew up / got up)
f) We've ___ of sugar. Can you buy some? (run out / found out)

2. Reescribe con un pronombre (it/them/him/her):
a) Turn off the light. → Turn ___ off.
b) Pick up the books. → Pick ___ up.
c) Look up the word. → Look ___ up.
d) Put on your jacket. → Put ___ on.

3. Traduce al inglés usando phrasal verbs:
a) Me levanto a las 7. → ___
b) Ella cuida a su hermano pequeño. → ___
c) No te rindas. → ___
d) El avión despegó a las 10. → ___
e) Estoy buscando mis llaves. → ___
f) Tengo muchas ganas de las vacaciones. → ___
g) Apaga la luz, por favor. → ___
h) Ella se inventó una historia. → ___

4. Escribe un párrafo sobre tu fin de semana usando al menos 6 phrasal verbs.

📋 Resumen de la lección

Los phrasal verbs = verbo + partícula con un significado especial.
Separables: el objeto puede ir entre verbo y partícula. Con pronombres, SIEMPRE en medio.
Inseparables: el objeto siempre va después de la partícula completa.
Hay que memorizarlos porque su significado no se deduce del verbo original.

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