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Connectors and Discourse Markers
Connectors and discourse markers are essential for creating coherent and cohesive texts, both written and spoken. They signal the logical relationship between ideas and guide the reader/listener through the text.
Connectors of addition
Also, too, as well, in addition, furthermore, moreover, besides, what is more, on top of that, not only...but also
"The hotel was expensive. Moreover, the service was terrible."
"She speaks French. She also speaks German."
Connectors of contrast
However, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, in contrast, whereas, while, although, even though, despite / in spite of (+ noun/-ing), yet, still
"The exam was difficult. However, most students passed."
"Although it was raining, we went for a walk."
"Despite being tired, she continued working."
Recuerda
"Although/even though" + clause (subject + verb): "Although she was tired, she worked." "Despite/in spite of" + noun/gerund: "Despite being tired, she worked." / "Despite her tiredness, she worked." Do NOT mix them: NOT "Despite she was tired" or "Although her tiredness."
Connectors of cause and result
Cause: because, since, as, because of (+ noun), due to (+ noun), owing to (+ noun)
Result: so, therefore, consequently, as a result, thus, hence, that is why, so...that, such...that
"Because of the traffic, we arrived late." / "The traffic was terrible, so we arrived late."
Connectors of purpose
to, in order to, so as to, so that, in order that
"She left early in order to catch the train." / "She left early so that she would not miss the train."
Connectors of condition and concession
Condition: if, unless, provided (that), as long as, on condition that, in case
Concession: although, even though, though, despite, in spite of, however, no matter how/what/where
Sequencing and organising
First(ly), second(ly), then, next, after that, finally, to begin with, to sum up, in conclusion, all in all, on the whole
Ejemplo
Formal essay example using connectors:
"Firstly, social media can improve communication. Moreover, it helps people stay connected across distances. However, excessive use may lead to mental health problems. Furthermore, cyberbullying is a growing concern. In conclusion, social media has both advantages and disadvantages."
Ejercicios
1. Complete with the correct connector:
a) ___ the bad weather, the event was a success. (despite/although)
b) She studied hard, ___ she did not pass. (so/yet)
c) ___ you finish early, you can leave. (provided/unless)
d) He works two jobs ___ support his family. (in order to/so that)
e) The film was boring. ___, the acting was terrible. (Moreover/However)
2. Rewrite using the connector in brackets:
a) She was ill. She went to work. (despite)
b) The restaurant was full. We went somewhere else. (since/as a result)
c) He studies hard. He wants to get a scholarship. (so that)
Test de autoevaluación
1. "Despite" is followed by:
a) A clause with subject + verb
b) A noun or gerund
c) An infinitive
d) A past participle
2. "Moreover" expresses:
a) Contrast
b) Addition
c) Result
d) Condition
3. The correct connector for: "She was tired ___ she continued working":
a) because
b) so
c) yet / but
d) therefore
4. "In order to" expresses:
a) Cause
b) Result
c) Purpose
d) Contrast
5. Which is INCORRECT?
a) Although it was cold, we went out.
b) Despite the cold, we went out.
c) Despite it was cold, we went out.
d) In spite of the cold, we went out.