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Modal Verbs: Past Deductions and Criticisms
Past deductions
- must have + p.p.: almost certain (positive). She must have left early. Her car is not here.
- cannot have + p.p.: almost certain (negative). He cannot have passed. He did not study at all.
- might/may/could have + p.p.: possible but not certain. She might have forgotten about the meeting.
Criticisms and regrets about the past
- should have + p.p.: it was the right thing but you did not do it. You should have told me earlier.
- should not have + p.p.: you did it but it was wrong. I should not have eaten so much.
- could have + p.p.: you had the ability/opportunity but did not do it. She could have won, but she gave up.
- need not have + p.p.: you did it but it was not necessary. You need not have bought a ticket. Entry was free.
Ejemplo resuelto
"The streets are wet." -> "It must have rained last night." (deduction)
"I failed the exam." -> "You should have studied more." (criticism)
Recuerda
Must have = deduction about the past. Had to = obligation in the past. Do not confuse them!
Ejercicios
1) Complete with the correct modal perfect:
a) She looks very happy. She ___ (must / get) the job.
b) He ___ (should / not / drive) so fast. He had an accident.
c) They are not here. They ___ (might / go) to the cinema.
d) You ___ (need not / bring) an umbrella. It did not rain.
2) Look at these situations and make deductions: The door is open. There is a cake in the oven. His eyes are red.
✏️ Actividad de repasoRepasa los conceptos principales de esta lección. Intenta explicar con tus propias palabras lo que has aprendido sobre Modal perfects: must have, should have, might have.
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